taken out of circulation and nonbanks (especially private households
and firms) don’t have enough media of exchange. Consequently, production in the economy
will be below its potential and a possible
evidence that cash is systematically slower as a
means of payment at the POS than other payments media.
(Table 2: Continued)
page
Pros and Cons of Cash: The State of the Debate 27
Credit
generally not the case indicating that cash is substituted more and
more by cashless payment media for low value payments
-20
-15
-10
-05
00
05
10
15
AT BE CY DE EE ES FI
decreases, in which case Iit would be negative. However, despite the spread of cashless payments media,
only very few countries to date experience a decline in banknote demand in nominal terms.
13
of payment media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Figure 3: Share of cash and cards in retail trade according to the EHI . . . . . . . . . 18
Figure 4: Shares of payment media in 2011: [...] . . 45
Figure 23: Cashless payment media in Germany (quantity) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Figure 24: Cashless payment media in Germany (value) . . . . . . . . . . [...] the costs associated with payment media. It
focuses on cash and card payments. We will then try to quantify the significance of
payment transactions and payment media for Germany applying a demand-based
11 See on this point Markose and Loke, 2003, who look at the interdependencies between payments media use,
network effects and interest rates.
12 Bindseil and Seitz, 2001, analyse banknotes in circulation [...] histories. Shy and Tarkka, 2002, theoretically analyse the markets for three different payments media,
80
ECB
Work ing Paper Ser ie s No . 330
April 2004
page
References
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Virén, M. (1994), Demand for Different Payment Media in Finland, Bank of Finland Bulletin
2/1994, pp. 12-16.
Vuchelen J., van Hove, L. (2001), The
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Massachusetts, 2013 (Rev. 0) – Firmenschrift. [Online] Verfügbar unter:
http://www.analog.com/media/en/reference-design-documentation/reference-designs/CN0276.pdf
[3] Frenzel, B.; Kurzweil, P.; Parspour [...] Massachusetts, 2015 (Rev. B) – Firmen-
schrift. [Online] Verfügbar unter: http://www.analog.com/media/en/technical-documentation/data-sheets/AD7403.pdf
[8] ANALOG DEVICES: 2.5 kV, Isolated DC-to-DC [...] Massachusetts,
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[9] Kurniawan, A.: Getting Started with Raspberry
decreases, in which case Iit would be negative. However, despite the spread of cashless payments media,
only very few countries to date experience a decline in banknote demand in nominal terms.
13
annotation https://www.philadelphiafed.org/-/media/frbp/assets/consumer-finance/discussion-papers/HurricaneKatrinaJan06.pdf https://www.philadelphiafed.org/-/media/frbp/assets/consumer-finance/discussion- [...] annotation https://www.philadelphiafed.org/-/media/frbp/assets/consumer-finance/discussion-papers/HurricaneKatrinaJan06.pdf https://www.philadelphiafed.org/-/media/frbp/assets/consumer-finance/discussion- [...] annotation https://www.philadelphiafed.org/-/media/frbp/assets/consumer-finance/discussion-papers/HurricaneKatrinaJan06.pdf https://www.philadelphiafed.org/-/media/frbp/assets/consumer-finance/discussion-
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decreases, in which case Iit would be
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Research Discussion Papers no. 11.
ten Raa, T. & V. Shestalova (2004), Empirical Evidence on Payment Media Costs and
Switch Points, Journal of Banking & Finance 28, S. 203 – 213.
Tobin, J. (1956), The
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