rates
activity and inflation. In Section 3 we introduce rise because real rates rise due to tight credit.
the data used in the paper. Section 4 briefly The dynamics of the long-term rates, however,
discusses [...] short-term
for the European Central Bank. rates. A tightening of monetary policy reduces
available credit, and leads to a postponement of
investment and consumption; hence an ‘in-
verted’ yield curve is [...] influenced by the stance of monet-
ary policy, but also reflect a variety of other
conditions in the credit market. Given the low
liquidity of the market for bank bonds in
Germany until the mid-1990s the public
cover their end-of-day liquidity
needs at a rate of interest above the market rate. There are no credit limits or other
restrictions on counterparties� access to the facility (with the exception of the
European Emerging Market
Economies in the 1990s
March 20, 2000 Katrin Wesche 41 Is there a Credit Channel in Austria?
The Impact of Monetary Policy on Firms’
Investment Decisions
June 20 [...] Martin Summer 57 Banking Regulation and Systemic Risk
January 28, 2002 Maria Valderrama 58 Credit Channel and Investment Behavior in
Austria: A Micro-Econometric Approach
February 18,
2002
Sys-
tem and the Federal Open Market Committee shall maintain long run growth of the
monetary and credit aggregates commensurate with the country’s long run potential to
increase production, so as to promote [...] .org, Mai 2002.
GREENSPAN, A. (1993): Testimony to the Sub-Committee on Economic Growth and Credit Forma-
tion of the Committee on Banking, Finance and Urban Affairs of the US House of Representa- [...] (2000): Interest Rates, Inflation, and Federal Reserve Policy since 1980, in: Journal
of Money, Credit and Banking 32, S. 417-434.
ISSING, O. / GASPAR, V. / ANGELONI, I. / TRISTANI, O. (2001): Monetary
use of trade credit (Petersen and Rajan 1994, Harhoff and Körting 1998).
Trade credit is a method of financing provided by suppliers to their clients. One form of trade
credit is to forgo discounts [...] difficult task. Taking the refusal of a
credit application as an indicator for financing constraints is not practical, because firms that did
not apply for a credit would be excluded from the analysis. [...] not available. Firms that rely heavily on trade credit are
therefore said to face financing constraints.
One could argue that the use of trade credit is not a good indicator for the presence of financing
der Diskontkredit (in der Form des „Ad-
justment Credit Program“) in eine Spitzenrefinanzierungsfazilität nach dem Muster des
Eurosystems (Primary Credit Program) umgewandelt werden soll. Anfänglich soll [...] Reserve System and
the Federal Open Market Committee shall maintain long run growth of the monetary and
credit aggregates commensurate with the country’s long run potential to increase pro-
duction, so as to [...] soll dabei
der Zinssatz für die Inanspruchnahme dieses „Primary Credits“ um 100 Basispunkte
über dem angestrebten Tagesgeldsatz („Federal Funds Rate Target“) liegen und es soll
jedem Kreditinstitut mit guter
rationalised within the credit channel framework as
credit is the main balance sheet counterpart to money (Bernanke and Blinder (1988)). However, at times when
money and credit exhibit disparate movements [...] Forecasting and Analysis, Journal of
Forecasting, 14, pp. 1-23.
Bernanke, B.S., Blinder, A.S. (1988): Credit, Money and Aggregate Demand, American
Economic Review, 78(2), P & P, pp. 435–439.
Beyer, A., J [...] Reexamination of the Predictability of Economic Activity
Using the Yield Spread, Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, 34, pp. 340-360.
Handa, J. (2000): Monetary Economics, Routledge, London and New
creation and maintenance of a culture of long-ter-
mism on the German capital market, where long-term credit relations account for a large proportion of the total.“ (H. Tietmeyer: The Social
Market Economy
Evidence from Argentina and Estonia in the 90’s
Kalin Hristov
DP/23/2002 Credit Activity of Commercial Banks and Rationing
in the Credit Market in Bulgaria (in Bulgarian only)
Kalin Hristov, Mihail Mihailov [...] countries). This should
be mainly due to the influence of cash-substituting financial instruments, e.g.
credit and debit cards. On the other hand, there are currencies for which the
traditional transactions and [...] constitutes an incentive to use cashless
payments, especially electronic money as well as debit and credit cards, more
frequently, as payment instruments will become further harmonized across
1
A case
July 2002.
1) The sum of the number of accepting terminals for cards with a credit function is reported by the
individual credit card institutions. This may result in double counting.
14
ECB
Work ing [...] Money, Credit and Banking, 28(4), pp. 914-939.
Humphrey, D.B., Kim, M., Vale, B. (2001), Realizing the Gains from Electronic Payments:
Costs, Pricing, and Payment Choice, Journal of Money, Credit and Banking [...] payment instruments.
Table 3: Use of payment cards (total value in € of transactions with debit and credit cards per inhabitant)
In this context, it is worth mentioning that in some countries, there are
Rating Systems E. Hayden, D. Tasche
2 2003 Credit Risk Factor Modeling and A. Hamerle,
the Basel II IRB Approach T. Liebig, D. Rösch
1 2004 Forecasting Credit Portfolio Risk A. Hamerle,
T. Liebig, H. [...] which occurred in January 1988. German M3 consisted of currency in circulation
(excluding the credit institutions’ cash balances) and sight deposits, time deposits for
less than four years and savings [...] three months' notice held by domestic non-
banks – other than the Federal Government – at domestic credit institutions.26
The Bundesbank published seasonally adjusted data on the level of the money
creation and maintenance of a culture
of long-termism on the German capital market, where long-term credit
relations account for a large proportion of the total.“ H. T i e t m e y -
e r : The Social Market
bestimmt. „The key
idea is that money comes into existence almost exclusively
as the counterpart to new credit“ (Dow, 2003, S. 500, im
Einzelnen hierzu auch Görgens et al., 2004, Kap. II.4.2
und II.4.4). Folglich
der Spread-Analyse, da sich
Veränderungen im Credit Spread un-
mittelbar auf ihre Finanzierungskonditio-
nen auswirken. Drittens lässt sich anhand
eines Credit-Spread-Modells ein Fair Va-
lue von Anleihen [...] Restlaufzeit einen signifikanten Einfluss
ausüben.
Determinanten von Credit
Spreads: Theorie
Für unsere Analyse sind Credit Spreads
definiert als die Renditedifferenz zwischen
einer Unternehmensanleihe [...] Horst Rottmann und Franz Seitz*
Credit Spreads und ihre Determinanten in Deutschland
Sowohl für Unternehmen als auch für externe Beobachter kann die Analyse von Credit Spreads,
d.h. der Differenz
der Spread-Analyse, da sich
Veränderungen im Credit Spread un-
mittelbar auf ihre Finanzierungskonditio-
nen auswirken. Drittens lässt sich anhand
eines Credit-Spread-Modells ein Fair Va-
lue von Anleihen [...] Restlaufzeit einen signifikanten Einfluss
ausüben.
Determinanten von Credit
Spreads: Theorie
Für unsere Analyse sind Credit Spreads
definiert als die Renditedifferenz zwischen
einer Unternehmensanleihe [...] Horst Rottmann und Franz Seitz*
Credit Spreads und ihre Determinanten in Deutschland
Sowohl für Unternehmen als auch für externe Beobachter kann die Analyse von Credit Spreads,
d.h. der Differenz
–
Work Incentives and Options for Reform, May 2005.
No. 6 Holzner, Chr., Search Frictions, Credit Constraints and Firm Financed General Training,
May 2005.
No. 5 Sülzle, K., Duopolistic C
McCallum, B. T. (1985). On consequences and criticisms of monetary targeting. Journal of Money Credit and
Banking, 17, 570–597.
McCallum, B., & Nelson, E. (1999). Nominal income targeting in an o
and wealth effects
5.1.2.3 Liquidity effects
5.1.2.4 Exchange-rate effects
5.1.3 Credit channel
5.1.3.1 Bank lending channel
5.1.3.2 Balance sheet channel
5.1.4 The s
stabilises the overnight money
market through its operational design. Within the framework of credit institutions' refinancing with the
Eurosystem, open-market transactions, especially the weekly [...] that an expectation-induced
transmission process is becoming increasingly relevant and that the credit channel may need to be
reassessed.
Finally, Chapter Three is devoted to factors which could
and wealth effects
5.1.2.3 Liquidity effects
5.1.2.4 Exchange-rate effects
5.1.3 Credit channel
5.1.3.1 Bank lending channel
5.1.3.2 Balance sheet channel
5.1.4 The s
stabilises the overnight money
market through its operational design. Within the framework of credit institutions' refinancing with the
Eurosystem, open-market transactions, especially the weekly [...] that an expectation-induced
transmission process is becoming increasingly relevant and that the credit channel may need to be
reassessed.
Finally, Chapter Three is devoted to factors which could
Demiralp, S. & O. Jordà (2004), The Response of Term Rates to Fed
Announcements, Journal of Money, Credit, and Banking 36, 387-405.
Diebold, F.X. & R. Mariano (1995), Comparing Predictive Accuracy,
Transaktionsvolumen
und die Opportunitätskosten der Geldhaltung.
„The relationship between money and credit is an endogenous one, and affected by economic policy
(including monetary policy)“ (Stiglitz/Greenwald
F. Seitz: Bundesbank - University of Bonn Workshop:
„What Central Banks can Learn from Money and Credit
Aggregates“ am 27./28.10.2005 in Eltville.
H. Rottmann: Bundesfachtagung der Volkswirtsprofesso- [...] Dezember 2004, S. 740-741 (zusammen mit K. Ruckrie-
gel und E. Görgens).
F. Seitz, H. Rottmann: Credit Spreads und ihre Determi-
nanten in Deutschland, in: ifo Schnelldienst 24/2004, 57.
Jg., S. 10-14
den Kreditvergabeaktivitäten des
Geschäftsbankensektors. "The relationship between money and credit is an endogenous one,
and affected by economic policy (including monetary policy)." (Stiglit [...] No. 114, July 2002.
Borio, C., Lowe, P. (2004), Securing Sustainable Price Stability: Should Credit Come Back
from the Wilderness, BIS Working Paper No. 157, July 2004.
Brand, C., Reimers, H [...] Konferenz der Deutschen Bundesbank und der Universität Bonn "What
Central Banks can Learn from Money and Credit Aggregates" am 27./28.10.2005 in
Eltville.
Kajanoja, L. (2003), Money as an Indicator Variable