taken out of circulation and nonbanks (especially private households
and firms) don’t have enough media of exchange. Consequently, production in the economy
will be below its potential and a possible
upwards.
Closely related to opportunity costs of holding banknotes are alternative payment
media. In addition to the pressure from existing means of payment (eg, debit and credit
cards), cash
deposits at any time according to the monetary stance it desires. It
shall be published through the media similar to the publication of foreign exchange rates. Cash
registers and smartphones (with proper
evidence that cash is systematically slower as a
means of payment at the POS than other payments media.
(Table 2: Continued)
page
Pros and Cons of Cash: The State of the Debate 27
Credit
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2 ECB’s SPACE survey.
3 Cash Review Final Report, available at: https://www.accesstocash.org.uk/media/1087/final-report-final-web.pdf.
4 IFOP Annual Survey on cash.
5 Although cash payments are not dependent [...] MONIES ARE NEITHER A PUBLIC GOOD
NOR A BASIC RIGHT
5
Electronic moneys and digital payment media are ubiquitous nowadays. Most of them are
privately run, such as card schemes. Private monies have [...] ue or
investment motives. This implies, it is more a competitor for private monies and
payment media than for cash.
10 In Spain, only about 20% of people know anything about the ECB’s digital euro
se/globalassets/media/rapporter/working-papers/2023/no.-427-cash-for-transactions-or-store-of-value-a-comparative-study-on-sweden-and-peer-countries.pdf https://www.riksbank.se/globalassets/media/rapporter/ [...] se/globalassets/media/rapporter/working-papers/2023/no.-427-cash-for-transactions-or-store-of-value-a-comparative-study-on-sweden-and-peer-countries.pdf https://www.riksbank.se/globalassets/media/rapporter/
of payment media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Figure 3: Share of cash and cards in retail trade according to the EHI . . . . . . . . . 18
Figure 4: Shares of payment media in 2011: [...] . . 45
Figure 23: Cashless payment media in Germany (quantity) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Figure 24: Cashless payment media in Germany (value) . . . . . . . . . . [...] the costs associated with payment media. It
focuses on cash and card payments. We will then try to quantify the significance of
payment transactions and payment media for Germany applying a demand-based
we-online.com/web/en/index.php/show/media/06_passive_components_-_custom_magnetics/toolbox/Custom_Capabilities_Catalog.pdf https://www.we-online.com/web/en/index.php/show/media/06_passive_components_-_custo
Massachusetts, 2013 (Rev. 0) – Firmenschrift. [Online] Verfügbar unter:
http://www.analog.com/media/en/reference-design-documentation/reference-designs/CN0276.pdf
[3] Frenzel, B.; Kurzweil, P.; Parspour [...] Massachusetts, 2015 (Rev. B) – Firmen-
schrift. [Online] Verfügbar unter: http://www.analog.com/media/en/technical-documentation/data-sheets/AD7403.pdf
[8] ANALOG DEVICES: 2.5 kV, Isolated DC-to-DC [...] Massachusetts,
2017 (Rev. B) – Firmenschrift. [Online] Verfügbar unter:
http://www.analog.com/media/en/technical-documentation/data-sheets/ADuM5000.pdf
[9] Kurniawan, A.: Getting Started with Raspberry
Matters", Dalinghaus (2017) examines a range of institutional, legal, scholarly, policy and news
media sources to understand the current state of debate about – and evidence for – the links between cash [...] demand; 4) the number and value of debit and credit card transactions as alternative payment
media and 5) the share of the shadow economy in GDP. The sample runs from 2002.q1 – 2017.q4. All variables
11 See on this point Markose and Loke, 2003, who look at the interdependencies between payments media use,
network effects and interest rates.
12 Bindseil and Seitz, 2001, analyse banknotes in circulation [...] histories. Shy and Tarkka, 2002, theoretically analyse the markets for three different payments media,
80
ECB
Work ing Paper Ser ie s No . 330
April 2004
page
References
Aksoy, Y., Piskorski [...] Demand, Bank of Finland Bulletin
3/1993, pp. 8-13.
Virén, M. (1994), Demand for Different Payment Media in Finland, Bank of Finland Bulletin
2/1994, pp. 12-16.
Vuchelen J., van Hove, L. (2001), The
decreases, in which case Iit would be negative. However, despite the spread of cashless payments media,
only very few countries to date experience a decline in banknote demand in nominal terms.
13
annotation https://www.philadelphiafed.org/-/media/frbp/assets/consumer-finance/discussion-papers/HurricaneKatrinaJan06.pdf https://www.philadelphiafed.org/-/media/frbp/assets/consumer-finance/discussion- [...] annotation https://www.philadelphiafed.org/-/media/frbp/assets/consumer-finance/discussion-papers/HurricaneKatrinaJan06.pdf https://www.philadelphiafed.org/-/media/frbp/assets/consumer-finance/discussion- [...] annotation https://www.philadelphiafed.org/-/media/frbp/assets/consumer-finance/discussion-papers/HurricaneKatrinaJan06.pdf https://www.philadelphiafed.org/-/media/frbp/assets/consumer-finance/discussion-
Zahlung von über 1,53 Milliarden US Dollar Schadensersatz an Alcatel-Lucent
verurteilt. Der Windows-Media-Player verletzt dem Urteil zufolge ein Patent von Alcatel-Lucent für
Audio-CodecS. Vgl. Gehring (2007)
way commit the OeNB.
Imprint: Responsibility according to Austrian media law: Wolfdietrich Grau, Secretariat of the
Board of Executive Directors, Oesterreichische Nationalbank
institutions are essential.
An issue widely discussed internationally, also with respect to payments media, is
sustainability. This is usually only discussed with respect to the environment, i. e., the
very low level of interest rates. Moreover and
specifically, we ask what role cashless payment media play in the evolution of the demand
for banknotes. Our paper is closely related to Seitz and Setzer [...] shifts upwards.
Closely related to opportunity costs of holding banknotes are alternative payment media. In
addition to the pressure from existing means of payment (eg, debit and credit cards), cash [...] and could thus increase
currency in circulation. As a result, the effect of cashless payment media on currency demand
is ambiguous.
8 An overview
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präsentierten Prof. Dr. Klaus
Grüger und Labormeister Stefan Breunig die Ausstattung in der Multi-
Media-Technik im Fachbereich Elektro- und Informationstechnik. Den
Fachbereich Maschinenbau/ Umwelttechnik
particular, when contrast
media is injected, a data acquisition is mandatory, because the stored sequences can be
replayed as often as required without re-injection of contrast media. To achieve a sufficient [...] nly false
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0.00000 [...] achieved in
the operating room rapidly with fast image processing and even a reduction of contrast
media and ionizing radiation dose (Pedra et al., 2011). The combination of an angiography
system in the
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Medica Media 19. November 2008
Economic relevance of model-guided therapy
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